In the context of PTSD, what does "arousal" refer to?

Arousal in the context of PTSD refers to increased anxiety and a heightened state of reactivity to stress. Individuals with PTSD often experience hyperarousal, characterized by symptoms such as being easily startled, feeling tense or "on edge," and having difficulty sleeping. This heightened state of arousal can lead to irritability, aggression, and difficulty concentrating, which are direct responses to the trauma experienced.

The correct understanding of arousal here emphasizes the physiological and psychological responses that occur as a result of trauma exposure. It reflects the body's instinctual response to threats, which can manifest in various forms, including excessive vigilance and heightened emotional responses. This is distinct from states of contentment or relaxation, which would not indicate the traumatic experiences reflected in PTSD.